庆阳地区属于旱作农业区，降雨量400~600 mm，光照充足，气候季节性特点明显。种植业主要以玉米、小麦及小杂粮为主。近年来，随着草畜产业迅速发展，舍饲养殖对饲草料的需求逐步扩大。玉米饲草因产量高、营养丰富[1-4]、种植面积大、种植成本低、效益高等特点成为舍饲养殖畜牧业饲草主要来源。目前，市场上玉米品种多，且各具利用特点，可分为粮食专用型玉米[5-7]、青贮专用玉米[8-11]和粮饲兼用型玉米等[12-16]。灰色关联度分析方法[17]具有数据处理灵活、标准不固定、适用广泛等特点，在农作物分析评价中得到广泛应用[18-21]。本试验利用灰色关联度分析方法对30个玉米新品种的株高、穗位高、叶片数等10个农艺性状进行评价，根据加权关联度筛选适宜在庆阳地区推广种植的玉米品种，为庆阳地区玉米推广种植提供参考。1材料与方法1.1试验材料选择引进东单13号、豫青贮23号、兴达101等30个玉米新品种。1.2试验方法试验小区按照长6 m ×宽5 m布局，随机排列，3次重复。株行距为40 cm×50 cm，人工点播，覆膜双垄沟播种植，拔节期追施尿素10 kg/667 m2，其余管理措施同大田。1.3测定指标及方法田间记录株高、穗位高、叶片数等10个指标。每小区随机抽取5株，测量各项指标，试验数据采用Excel进行整理。1.4分析方法1.4.1确定分析数据待分析指标作为一个因素进行灰色关联度分析。产量指标作为参考数据Z0，其他指标作为比较数据Zi。1.4.2原始数据处理按照灰色系统理论[22]，为各项指标具有统一的参考标准，相互间能够进行权重比较，需要对原始数据进行无量纲化处理。处理方法：不同品种的同一指标与其平均值的比值作为本品种对应指标无量纲化结果。数据无量纲化处理结果见表1。10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002-2813.2022.11.018.T001表1数据无量纲化处理结果品种株高/cm叶片数/个叶面积cm2穗位高/cm茎粗/mm棒重/kg棒长/cm棒粗/mm黄叶片数/个保绿度/个产量/(kg/667 m2)天农青贮991.048 81.115 11.051 91.124 00.944 70.937 51.006 41.031 20.226 81.414 00.985 2豫青贮23号1.193 51.143 71.247 41.472 51.009 31.093 81.202 61.004 40.397 01.394 91.023 1专用青贮N2111.029 01.086 51.095 41.194 40.971 81.093 81.102 51.096 31.531 20.936 31.448 4甘鑫青贮1号0.933 70.986 41.033 61.032 41.013 41.250 01.048 61.137 70.340 31.203 81.515 8中单青贮291.048 81.115 11.180 01.084 80.892 60.989 61.075 11.008 21.134 21.108 31.326 3奥玉青贮51021.026 91.258 01.382 91.305 61.114 50.781 30.955 40.352 80.907 41.375 81.852 6纯青贮0.951 40.943 51.285 00.929 30.923 91.093 81.107 41.024 41.304 30.821 71.824 5九青6451.073 51.200 91.198 01.109 31.028 00.989 61.008 41.016 10.567 11.414 01.124 2银硕3号0.897 00.786 30.808 00.883 50.692 60.937 50.914 20.886 22.892 20.076 40.522 1谷玉170.896 30.900 60.852 10.800 10.782 20.781 30.903 40.908 81.928 20.554 10.615 8屯玉7650.965 50.872 10.772 20.744 40.820 70.885 40.973 11.005 20.567 10.974 50.774 7渝青玉3号1.266 11.115 10.853 31.596 90.985 30.885 41.096 70.969 11.474 50.993 61.229 4CP16850.986 00.857 80.814 90.944 00.841 60.885 40.947 61.020 30.453 70.993 60.617 5CP16890.977 50.829 20.767 50.775 50.748 90.885 40.947 61.005 60.567 10.917 20.926 3屯玉7660.955 60.886 30.935 90.806 60.895 71.041 71.053 51.030 80.567 10.993 60.745 2东单13号0.935 81.115 11.076 51.016 01.048 81.302 11.011 31.162 60.850 71.203 81.313 7豫禾6010.901 30.872 10.657 50.659 40.913 40.729 20.840 60.977 31.077 50.802 50.589 5金博士5881.029 00.900 60.899 70.942 41.070 71.250 01.087 81.067 30.737 20.955 40.940 3屯玉1681.060 81.100 80.923 51.125 71.018 61.197 90.925 01.134 70.680 51.242 00.968 4东单11号1.072 81.158 01.012 81.251 60.938 41.093 80.933 81.134 01.190 91.146 50.814 0豫禾5161.077 70.957 80.876 21.001 30.927 01.093 81.040 71.074 80.340 31.165 60.968 4金博士8130.828 60.843 50.787 40.765 70.853 00.989 60.991 71.001 80.850 70.840 80.715 8临奥1号0.897 71.186 61.159 31.089 70.957 20.781 30.840 60.948 32.098 30.879 00.825 2农大3720.938 70.929 20.934 90.978 40.885 30.833 30.912 20.957 01.020 80.898 10.960 0奥玉0261.036 81.057 91.020 30.950 63.146 50.989 61.065 30.971 30.964 11.089 20.871 6乐农18号0.921 00.914 91.194 80.788 60.989 51.093 80.995 61.058 71.134 20.840 80.652 6九栗9070.882 90.943 50.692 40.842 60.765 50.781 30.824 90.946 11.304 30.821 70.606 3科河24号1.026 20.943 51.065 20.898 20.872 81.093 81.038 81.030 81.36110.802 50.669 5均隆12171.038 20.943 51.327 90.932 60.959 31.041 71.030 01.012 71.077 50.898 11.263 1兴达1011.103 11.043 61.093 60.953 90.988 41.197 91.119 21.025 50.453 71.242 01.310 51.4.3关联系数和关联度计算方法采用灰色关联分析模型进行处理，由公式Δi(h)=∣Zi(h)-Z0(h)∣计算绝对差值（h表示品种代号，h=1，2，3…10）。采用ΔMin表示最小绝对差值，ΔMax表示最大绝对差值。分辨系数ξ=0.5[23]，计算关联系数和关联度。关联系数公式：ξ(h)=ΔMin+ξΔMaxΔih+ξΔMax (1)关联度公式：Ri=1Mξih (2)权重系数公式：Gi=Ri∑Ri (3)加权关联度公式：Wi=Gihξh (4)2结果与分析2.1玉米各指标与产量度关联度及关联系数（见表2）由表2可知，各指标与产量关联度为：叶面积穗位高叶片数棒长棒重株高茎保绿度茎粗棒粗黄叶片数。10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002-2813.2022.11.018.T002表2玉米各指标与产量度关联度及关联系数品种株高/cm叶片数/个叶面积/cm2穗位高/cm茎粗/mm棒重/kg棒长/cm棒粗/mm黄叶片数/个保绿度/个天农青贮990.950 80.902 80.948 40.896 70.968 60.963 00.984 20.964 40.610 80.735 6豫青贮23号0.875 90.909 30.842 40.726 30.990 20.945 40.870 00.986 20.655 40.762 5专用青贮SN2110.739 90.767 40.771 80.824 90.714 40.771 00.775 50.772 30.936 30.699 5甘鑫青贮1号0.671 80.692 50.712 00.711 50.703 50.818 30.718 50.759 50.502 90.793 0中单青贮290.811 70.850 20.891 70.832 20.733 40.780 10.826 50.789 80.862 00.846 1奥玉青贮51020.590 40.667 10.717 40.685 40.617 30.526 10.570 10.442 20.557 30.714 3纯青贮0.576 80.574 60.688 40.570 70.569 20.619 70.624 10.598 00.696 20.542 6九青6450.960 60.940 90.943 00.989 30.926 60.899 60.912 60.918 00.681 40.804 9银硕3号0.761 00.819 10.807 10.767 60.875 70.741 70.752 70.766 30.333 90.728 0谷玉170.810 00.807 60.835 20.866 90.878 40.879 00.806 10.803 20.475 30.952 2屯玉7650.862 90.925 70.999 60.976 80.964 30.916 20.858 10.838 70.852 40.857 2渝青玉3号0.971 70.913 60.760 40.764 70.830 60.776 40.90 00.821 30.830 10.835 5CP16850.764 20.832 90.858 70.785 40.842 50.817 10.783 50.747 70.880 10.760 4CP16890.960 30.925 90.883 40.888 70.871 30.968 40.984 10.938 90.768 80.994 1屯玉7660.850 70.895 20.862 90.952 40.888 90.801 30.795 00.807 20.870 90.828 2东单13号0.759 60.858 00.834 70.800 70.818 80.992 10.798 10.888 50.720 30.916 8豫禾6010.793 10.808 90.947 40.946 00.786 70.896 10.826 60.754 70.709 50.849 1金博士5880.932 00.969 30.968 51.000 00.902 50.794 20.890 90.904 80.855 20.989 2屯玉1680.929 30.901 10.965 20.884 40.961 00.839 20.966 40.878 50.806 00.813 8东单11号0.822 20.776 40.857 90.731 60.906 60.810 50.909 80.788 80.760 00.782 3豫禾5160.917 20.992 90.929 50.974 70.967 90.905 90.944 10.919 20.654 70.858 8金博士8130.914 70.904 30.944 70.961 30.897 80.813 70.812 60.807 00.899 40.906 2临奥1号0.944 00.767 70.781 50.819 00.901 40.965 90.988 90.907 50.483 00.958 3农大3720.984 10.976 40.981 00.986 40.942 40.905 00.963 00.999 20.952 90.952 0奥玉0260.879 20.865 60.890 00.939 10.343 10.911 00.861 00.924 00.929 20.846 3乐农18号0.816 80.820 20.687 30.898 60.780 00.730 00.776 90.746 10.712 30.864 5九栗9070.812 20.779 80.933 90.835 20.883 10.872 90.845 70.778 50.630 40.847 7科河24号0.770 00.813 60.751 00.839 70.855 00.737 70.763 70.767 70.632 60.900 6均隆12170.841 90.789 00.949 90.783 30.797 30.844 00.837 10.827 00.866 10.765 8兴达1010.852 60.817 60.846 80.770 00.787 70.914 80.862 50.807 60.581 40.947 0关联度0.837 60.842 20.859 70.847 00.830 20.838 50.840 30.821 80.723 60.835 1排名63128549107各项指标的重要性及与产量的密切程度由关联度数据决定[24]。对产量的影响由高到低依次为：叶面积穗位高叶片数棒长棒重株高茎保绿度茎粗棒粗黄叶片数。2.2玉米主要农艺性状关联度矩阵（见表3）由表3可知，株高与棒重、叶片数、穗位高、棒长、棒粗关系密切；茎粗与棒重关系密切；棒重与棒长、棒粗关系密切；棒长与株高、叶片数、棒重、棒粗关系密切；棒粗与株高、棒重、棒长关系密切；黄叶片数与棒重关系密切；保绿度与棒重关系密切。10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002-2813.2022.11.018.T003表3玉米主要农艺性状关联度矩阵项目株高叶片数叶面积穗位高茎粗棒重棒长棒粗黄叶片数保绿度产量株高1.000 00.930 00.889 00.901 80.894 30.899 80.948 30.926 90.742 40.881 10.823 1叶片数0.927 61.000 00.913 60.921 30.899 00.878 80.908 30.899 90.744 20.886 60.827 1叶面积0.888 10.915 61.000 00.893 30.874 00.876 30.895 50.867 90.741 20.848 80.846 2穗位高0.903 70.924 30.896 31.000 00.878 20.862 40.885 50.875 90.746 10.874 30.837 1茎粗0.898 70.906 40.880 40.881 11.000 00.879 20.898 70.886 90.726 10.855 80.824 3棒重1.799 41.041 91.754 81.719 71.747 41.000 01.847 91.841 71.448 61.732 11.650 5棒长0.946 40.908 60.894 00.880 50.891 90.922 41.000 00.927 80.733 10.868 50.823 0棒粗0.927 10.905 20.870 30.874 70.883 00.921 80.930 01.000 00.733 00.865 80.809 1黄叶片数0.787 50.788 00.786 50.785 80.762 80.769 90.782 70.776 31.000 00.741 40.753 1保绿度0.905 20.910 30.880 00.897 70.877 70.892 50.896 90.890 80.740 91.000 00.855 7产量0.837 60.842 20.859 70.847 00.830 20.838 50.840 30.821 80.723 60.835 11.000 02.3玉米农艺性状权重系数（见表4）由表4可知，对每个指标按照权重值排序为：穗位高棒重叶片数、叶面积棒长株高保绿度茎粗棒粗黄叶片数。根据权重数据可构造玉米综合评价模型。10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002-2813.2022.11.018.T004表4各指标权重系数项目权重项目权重株高/cm0.101 21棒重/kg0.101 32叶片数/个0.101 76棒长/cm0.101 54叶面积/cm20.101 76棒粗/mm0.099 29穗位高/cm0.102 34黄叶片数/个0.087 43茎粗/mm0.100 32保绿度/个0.100 91H=0.101 21￡1+0.101 76￡2+0.101 76￡3+0.102 34￡4+0.100 32￡5+0.101 32￡6+0.101 54￡7+0.099 29￡8+0.087 43￡9+0.100 91￡10。根据上述公式将权重系数乘以关联系数，再求和可得出参与试验的玉米的加权关联度，对加权关联度按照数值大小进行排序，玉米的加权关联度及排序见表5。10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002-2813.2022.11.018.T005表5玉米的加权关联度及其排序品种加权关联度排序品种加权关联度排序天农青贮990.894 444 7337东单13号0.838 480 03914农大3720.856 863 28910豫禾6010.832 090 27916专用青贮SN2110.773 606 67826兴达1010.919 749 2042甘鑫青贮1号0.709 580 27028屯玉1680.893 852 8808中单青贮290.820 274 99620东单11号0.813 542 82522奥玉青贮51020.608 619 83629豫禾5160.908 127 3484纯青贮0.603 547 61830金博士8130.884 323 5159九青6450.898 893 6266临奥1号0.854 742 53211银硕3号0.739 241 01627豫青贮23号0.962 343 3881谷玉170.814 302 69021奥玉0260.836 289 83915屯玉7650.904 215 2855乐农18号0.782 731 36025渝青玉3号0.838 841 19013九栗9070.822 935 04718CP16850.804 638 77723科河24号0.783 549 94524CP16890.918 451 7813均隆12170.827 935 16517屯玉7660.853 422 42112金博士5880.820 340 02619由表5可知，加权关联度数值是对各个品种综合性能具体反映，表明参试品种间各指标的差异及综合性能高低。30个玉米品种综合评价排在前２位的是豫青贮23号、兴达101，可作为示范推广品种。3讨论本研究利用灰色关联度分析法，对30个玉米品种的10个农艺性状，通过求相关指标的关联度、关联系数，最后以权重关联度进行综合评价，结果表明，庆阳地区表现较好的玉米品种为豫青贮23号、兴达101，与之前品比试验结果一致[25-26]。主要指标中对生物产量的影响最大的事叶面积，之后依次为穗位高、叶片数、棒长、棒重、株高、茎保绿度、茎粗、棒粗、黄叶片数。因此，穗位较高、叶片数较多、棒长和棒重长势明显、株高较高的新品种玉米其生物产量必然高。通过各指标之间权重关联度数值大小，可对位次进行排序。对玉米主要生产性能指标利用权重决策法进行综合分析，权重较高的4个指标为穗位高、棒重、叶片数、叶面积。本研究从生产实践的角度，选择部分农艺性状指标进行分析评价，其他指标综合分析还有待深入研究和验证。4结论本研究结果与之前品比试验采用的主成分分析方法结果一致，即豫青贮23号、兴达101综合评价排前2位，可作为庆阳地区示范推广品种。